Associative sentences with a subordinating relationship- these are non-union sentences, which are identical in structure and semantic relations between parts to complex sentences. Such non-union sentences consist of only two parts and are called closed non-union complex sentences (or non-union sentences of a closed structure).

A fixed (not free) arrangement of the two parts of a closed non-union sentence helps to establish semantic relations between these predicative parts, that is, when the parts of the non-union sentence are rearranged, the semantic relations between them change or the sentence as a whole is destroyed. For example, in the sentence I was late: the car broke down, the second part of the complex sentence reports the reason, and in the sentence The car broke down - I was late, the second part is a consequence of what is reported in the first part.

Parts of such a complex sentence are made out with explanatory intonation (one part explains the other) or contrasting intonation (the first part of the sentence is characterized by a very high tone, the second by a decrease in tone). The intonation depends on the semantic relations between the parts of a complex sentence in oral speech, and in writing - the choice of a punctuation mark (colon or dash).

Different types of semantic relations are established between the parts of closed non-union complex sentences, that is, the semantic role of the subordinate part in relation to the main one is determined. The following varieties can be distinguished:

  1. An explanatory non-union sentence is a non-union complex sentence in which the first part contains supporting words - verbs that require addition, explanation, distribution, which is the content of the second part: I knew: the blow of fate would not bypass me (M. Yu. Lermontov).
  2. An explanatory non-union sentence is a non-union complex sentence in which the second part reveals, concretizes, explains the content of the first part (often a single word or phrase of the first part): The whole city is like this: a scammer sits on a scammer and drives a scammer (N.V. Gogol).
  3. An allied sentence of justification and reasons is an allied compound sentence, the second part of which contains the justification or reason for what is said in the first part: I can’t sleep, nanny: it’s so stuffy here! (A.S. Pushkin). I am sad: there is no friend with me (A.S. Pushkin).
  4. A non-union sentence with a predicative construction of a consequence is a non-union sentence, the second part of which is a consequence of the action named in the first part of the sentence. Some non-union sentences with a causal predicative construction can be turned into sentences with an investigative predicative construction. To do this, it is enough to swap the predicative constructions: I opened the window: it was stuffy (reason). It was stuffy - I opened the window (consequence).
  5. An opposing non-union sentence is a sentence in the second part of which a sharp opposition is expressed to what is said in the first part: I knew about poetry from the very beginning - I knew nothing about prose (A. A. Akhmatova).

The opposition in an asyndetic compound sentence is often associated with negation:

Not for the songs of spring over the plain

The road to me is green expanse -

I fell in love with a longing crane

Monastery on a high mountain

(S. A. Yesenin).

Many non-union sentences are characterized by the ambiguity of semantic relations between the parts of a complex sentence; these relationships are often not amenable to unambiguous interpretation: the boundaries between different meanings are blurred and not clear enough.

The parts of a complex sentence must be connected with each other using a coordinating or subordinating connection. Which connection is used in a complex sentence can be determined by the union and some other important details. So they distinguish (BSC) and complex sentences (CSP).

To begin with, it should be remembered that a complex sentence consists of two or more grammatical bases that have a single semantic meaning. How these stems interact with each other determines the type of sentence and the required punctuation.

For example, the sentence "I'll go for a walk" is simple, it has one grammatical basis. But if you add one more part to it (“I will go for a walk, but first I will do my homework”), then you get an MTP with two bases “I will go for a walk” and “I will do my homework”, where “but” acts as a coordinating union.

What is a writing connection? This is the interaction of two or more parts that are equal and independent of each other. Coordinating sentences are defined in two simple ways.

Necessary:

  1. Asking a question from one grammatical basis to another is usually impossible in SSP: “It was a cool morning, but I went for a bike ride.”
  2. Try to divide the SSP into two separate sentences without losing the meaning: “The sun disappeared behind the hill, and the heads of the sunflowers drooped sadly” - “The sun went down” and “The heads of the sunflowers drooped sadly.” The meaning is not lost, while one sentence turned into two separate ones.

Vivid examples can be found in Russian folklore: “The hair is long, but the mind is short”, “The woman is dancing, and the grandfather is crying”, “The woman is with a cart, but the mare is easier”, they are also found in descriptions of nature and reflection texts.

Parts of the SSP are usually connected by unions of the same name, which are divided into types: connecting (and, also, etc.), separating (or, or, not that ... not that, etc.) and adversarial (but, but, but, etc.).

It's important to know! A coordinative connection can be used not only to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one, but also to connect homogeneous members, participial or adverbial phrases.

subordination

If two or more grammatical bases are used, while they are not equal, but depend on each other in some order, then this is a complex sentence with.

NGN necessarily has a main part and a subordinate one, and from the first to the second one can ask a defining question.

For example, "Vasya went out for a walk because his mother started a general cleaning." The main part “Vasya went out for a walk”, from which we ask the question “why did he do this?” and in the subordinate part the answer is “because mom started a general cleaning.”

A secondary or subordinate part can act as a circumstance, definition or addition.

You can define this type of interaction:

  1. By asking a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
  2. Highlighting the grammatical foundations and identifying the main one.
  3. Determine the type of union.

In writing, such a relationship of parts is distinguished by punctuation marks, and in oral speech - by an intonational pause.

Types of subordination

In order to correctly parse the sentence into parts and determine the types of subordination, it is necessary to correctly determine the main part and ask a question from it to the subordinate clause.

An adjective can be of several types:

  1. The determinant answers the questions: which one? which the? whose?
  2. The indicative answers the questions of indirect cases, i.e. everything except the nominative.
  3. The circumstantial answers the questions: where? where? why? where? why? when? as?

Since the group of adverbial clauses is very voluminous, there are more subgroups among them. The question also helps to determine the type.

The adverbial clause is of the following types:

  • time (when? how long?);
  • places (where? where? from where?);
  • reasons (why?);
  • goals (for what? for what purpose?);
  • mode of action and degree (how? to what extent? to what extent?);
  • comparisons (how?);
  • consequences (what follows from this?);
  • conditions (under what condition?);
  • concessions (against what?).

Important! The type of subordinate clause is determined precisely by the question, and not by the type of subordinating union or allied word. So, for example, the allied word "where" can be used not only in adverbial clauses of the place, but also in the attributive clause: "I'm in a hurry to that house (what?) where I used to live."

Communication types in NGN

Since such a sentence often contains several subordinate clauses at once, it should also define subordinate relations:

  • Consistent submission. Each clause refers to a word from the preceding clause ("I was humming a song I heard yesterday when we were walking in the park").
  • Homogeneous submission. The structure resembles homogeneous members of a sentence. The subordinate parts answer one question and refer to the same word in the main clause, while the subordinating conjunctions can be different (“After what happened, I did not understand how to live and what to do next, how to forget everything and start life anew”). Punctuation marks follow the same rule as punctuation with homogeneous members of a sentence.
  • parallel submission. The subordinate clauses refer to the same main clause, but answer different questions: "I was bored there, despite the crowd of people, because no one was interesting to me there."

Important! There may be proposals with combined submission.

Subtleties of punctuation

It is equally important to know what punctuation marks should be put in SSP and SPP, because the parts are necessarily connected by a union - a service part of speech that does not decline, does not conjugate and connects homogeneous members or simple sentences as part of a complex one. It is the union that helps to understand what type of connection is used in the sentence.

The coordinating and subordinating connection in sentences involves the use of unions of the same name. Moreover, any of them is necessarily distinguished by a comma on paper, and when reading - by an intonational pause.

Subordinating conjunctions include: what, how, to, barely, only, when, where, from where, so much, to what extent, as if, as if, because, if, despite that, although etc.

The coordinative connection in a sentence and a phrase determines the use of conjunctions: and, yes, not only, also, but also, also, like ..., and, or, either, then, but, however, also, also, that is, etc.

But sentences can also be unionless, in which case its parts are separated not only by a comma (“The sun has risen, the roosters habitually sang morning songs”), but also by other punctuation marks:

  • colon: “I told you: you can’t be late!”
  • semicolon: “The stars lit up in the sky, filling the night with light; sensing the night, a wolf howled in the distance on a high hill; a night bird screamed in a tree nearby.
  • dash: "It's pouring down the street like a bucket - it's impossible to go out for a walk."

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Summing up

The presence of complex sentences makes written and oral speech bright and expressive. They can often be found in fiction and journalistic articles. The presence of complex structures allows a person to correctly and consistently express his thoughts, as well as show his level of literacy. Punctuation errors, on the contrary, testify to low speech culture and illiteracy.

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Complex sentences allow you to convey voluminous messages about several situations or phenomena, make speech more expressive and informative. Most often, complex sentences are used in works of art, journalistic articles, scientific papers, texts of an official business style.

What is a complex sentence?

Difficult sentence - a sentence, which consists of two or more grammatical bases, is an intonation-shaped semantic unity that expresses a certain meaning. Depending on the ratio of parts, complex sentences are distinguished with a coordinating subordinating and non-union connection.

Compound sentences with coordinating link

Compound sentences - allied sentences, which consist of equal parts connected by a coordinating link. Parts of compound sentences are combined into one whole with the help of coordinating, adversative or divisive conjunctions. In a letter, a comma is placed before the union between parts of a compound sentence.

Examples of compound sentences: The boy shook the tree, and ripe apples fell to the ground. Katya went to college, and Sasha stayed at home. Either someone called me, or it seemed.

Compound sentences with subordinating link

Complex sentences - allied proposals, consisting of unequal parts, which are connected by a subordinating relationship. In complex sentences, the main part and the dependent (subordinate) part are distinguished. Parts of the NGN are interconnected with the help of unions and allied words. In a letter, between parts of a complex sentence, a comma is placed before the union (union word).

Examples of complex sentences: He picked a flower to give to his mother. Those present were wondering where Ivan Petrovich came from. Misha went to the store that his friend was talking about.

Usually, a question can be posed from the main clause to the subordinate clause. Examples: I came home (when?) when everyone had already sat down to supper. We learned about (what?) what happened yesterday.

Compound sentences with non-union connection

Unionless complex sentences are sentences, parts of which are connected only with the help of intonation, without the use of unions and allied words.

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Examples of complex sentences with an allied connection between parts: The music began to play, the guests began to dance. It will be cold in the morning - we won't go anywhere. Tanya turned around: a tiny kitten was huddled against the wall.

A comma, dash, colon or semicolon can be placed between parts of non-union complex sentences (depending on what meaning the parts of the BSP express).

Complex sentences with different types of connection

Mixed complex sentences may include several sentences connected by a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection. In writing in mixed complex sentences, punctuation is observed, which is characteristic of complex, complex and non-union sentences.

Examples: Vitya decided: if the teacher asks him to answer the question, he will have to admit that he did not prepare for the lesson. To the right hung a picture depicting a blooming garden, and to the left stood a table with carved legs. The weather worsened: a strong wind rose and it began to rain, but it was warm and dry in the tent.

If complex sentences as part of a mixed sentence form logical-syntactic blocks, a semicolon is placed between such blocks. Example: On the porch, a sparrow was pecking at grains that grandmother had accidentally scattered; at this time, papa came out, and the bird hastily flew away.

What have we learned?

  • Compound sentences can include simple and complex sentences.
  • In terms of meaning, parts of complex sentences can be equal and unequal.
  • According to the type of connection of parts, compound, complex and non-union sentences are distinguished.
  • In mixed complex sentences, the punctuation characteristic of complex sentences with the corresponding type of connection is preserved.

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Communication in the offer- this is a way to give the sentence meaningfulness, completeness of thought, as well as logical, lexical and syntactic usefulness. There are two types of communication in a sentence - coordinating and subordinating.

writing connection in a sentence - this is a combination of elements that are independent of each other in a sentence: homogeneous members in a simple sentence or simple sentences as part of a compound sentence.

subordination in a sentence, it is a combination of elements that depend on each other: words in a phrase, sentence, or simple sentences as part of a complex one.

How to determine the type of relationship in a sentence?

First of all, it is necessary to discard the grammatical basis, since the subject is always associated with the predicate, it is also worth excluding introductory words.

Example. I wanted to go outside, but the door was locked.

Compound sentence with two independent parts, compound sentence. Based on this, this proposal uses composing form of communication.

I wanted to go outside because the air in the room was very stale.

A complex sentence that has subordination- one sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the other. The proposal is complex.

Types of subordination.

Exists three types of subordination:

Coordination- this is a type of connection when the dependent and the main word (a noun or another part of speech in the role of a noun) are likened to each other in gender, number and case. The simplest examples of agreement are in phrases: vile rain, cheerful me, invisible someone, a random passer-by, a booming “th”.

As dependent words when agreed, any changeable parts of speech can appear: adjectives, pronouns (possessive, definitive, demonstrative, negative, indefinite) and ordinal numbers.

No money, funny storyteller, your sister, the first person you meet.

Control- the type of communication in which main word requires a special case form of the dependent word. Case form at the same time, it is due to certain morphological norms in the Russian language. The main sign of the presence of control in a phrase or sentence is the use of a preposition, although there is also a non-prepositional form of control. In the presence of control, the dependent word will always answer questions of indirect cases.

Look at the moon, admire the moon, sign for receipt, sign documents, forget about problems, forget the formula.